La cúrcuma es una especia derivada de los rizomas de la planta tropical Cúrcuma longa Linn, que es un miembro de la familia del jengibre ( Zingiberaceae ).
Los rizomas son tallos subterráneos horizontales que sacan brotes, así como raíces. El color amarillo-naranja brillante de la cúrcuma proviene principalmente de pigmentos polifenólicos, solubles en grasa conocidos como curcuminoides.
La curcumina, el curcuminoide principal encontrado en la cúrcuma, se considera generalmente su componente más activo. Además de su uso como especia y pigmento, la cúrcuma se ha utilizado en la India con fines medicinales desde hace siglos. Más recientemente, la evidencia de que la curcumina puede tener actividades antiinflamatorias y anticancerosas ha renovado el interés científico en su potencial para prevenir y tratar la enfermedad.
METABOLISMO Y BIODISPONIBILIDAD DE LA CÚRCUMA
Los ensayos clínicos en seres humanos indican que la sistémica biodisponibilidad de la curcumina administrada por vía oral es relativamente baja y que en su mayoría los metabolitos de la curcumina, en lugar de la curcumina en sí, se detectan en el plasma o suero tras el consumo oral.
Un ensayo clínico realizado en Taiwán indica que las concentraciones séricas de curcumina alcanzaron un máximo de 0,41 a 1,75 micromoles / litro (M) una hora después de dosis orales de 4 a 8 g de curcumina. Otro ensayo clínico llevado a cabo en el Reino Unido encontró que las concentraciones plasmáticas de la curcumina, sulfato de curcumina, y glucurónido curcumina estaban en el rango de 0,01 M una hora después de una dosis oral de 3,6 g de la curcumina.
La seguridad y la eficacia de varias formulaciones de curcumina, actualmente se están explorando en entornos clínicos con el objetivo de aumentar la absorción, la biodisponibilidad, y la administración dirigida de tejido de la curcumina. Ejemplos de enfoques incluyen la conjugación con péptidos portadores (por ejemplo, a poliláctico-co-ácido glicólico; formación de complejos con los aceites esenciales; la coadministración con piperina; y la encapsulación en nanopartículas, liposomas, fitosomas, micelas poliméricas, y ciclodextrinas.
Actividad antioxidante
La curcumina es un eficaz eliminador de especies reactivas de oxígeno y especies reactivas de nitrógeno en el tubo de ensayo. Sin embargo, no está claro si la curcumina actúa como un antioxidante directo en vivo. Debido a su limitada biodisponibilidad oral en seres humanos, las concentraciones de plasma y curcumina tienden a ser mucho menores que los de otros antioxidantes solubles en grasa como α-tocoferol (vitamina E). Sin embargo, la curcumina tomada por vía oral puede alcanzar concentraciones suficientes en las vias gastrointestinales y proteger la mucosa intestinal contra el daño oxidativo del ADN.
La actividad anti-inflamatoria
La curcumina se ha demostrado que inhibe los mediadores de la respuesta a la inflamación, incluyendo citocinas , quimiocinas, moléculas de adhesión, factores de crecimiento, y enzimas como la ciclooxigenasa, lipoxigenasa, y óxido nítrico sintasa inducible.
La cúrcuma también se ha demostrado que mejora la colitis mediante la prevención de la activación de STAT3 y la inducción STAT3 dependiente de la proliferación celular en animales. Además, la curcumina se demostró para atenuar la respuesta inmune provocada por las inyecciones de colágeno en un modelo de ratón con artritis reumatoide , en parte mediante el bloqueo de la proliferación de células-T en esplenocitos del ratón.
Relacionado: Beneficios de la cúrcuminoides para el Pseudotumor Inflamatorio
En otro estudio, la curcumina inhibe la secreción de metaloproteínas (proteína + metal) de la matriz, responsables de la degradación de las articulaciones sinoviales en sinoviocitos similares a fibroblastos humanos y en condrocitos articulares humanos.
La cúrcuma también se ha encontrado para aliviar neuro-inflamación en un modelo de ratón de lesión cerebral traumática, la reducción de los macrófagos y la activación microglial y el aumento neuronal de supervivencia.
Actividad anticancerosa
La inhibición de la invasión tumoral y la angiogénesis
Se encontró curcumina para ejercer sus actividades contra el cáncer en muchos tipos diferentes de células cancerosas mediante la regulación de una variedad de vías de señalización.
La prevención de enfermedades
ADEMÁS ACTÚA CONTRA ENFERMEDADES COMO:
- Cáncer
- Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Enfermedades inflamatorias:
- Artritis reumatoide
- Dermatitis por radiación
- Colitis ulcerosa
Salud bucal:
- La fibrosis submucosa oral
El deterioro cognitivo y enfermedad de Alzheimer
Trastorno depresivo mayor
Síndrome premenstrual
Fuentes de comida
La cúrcuma es el rizoma seco y molido de Cúrcuma longa Linn. Se utiliza como especia en la India, el sudeste de Asia, y la cocina de Oriente Medio.
Los Curcuminoides comprenden de aproximadamente 2% -9% de la cúrcuma. La curcumina es el curcuminoide más abundante en la cúrcuma, que proporciona alrededor del 75% de los curcuminoides totales, mientras que demetoxicurcumina y bisdemetoxicurcumina generalmente representan 10% -20% y menos del 5% de los curcuminoides totales, respectivamente. El Curry en polvo contiene cúrcuma junto con otras especias, pero la cantidad de cúrcuma en polvo de curry es variable y con frecuencia relativamente baja. Los extractos de cúrcuma también se utilizan como agentes de coloración de alimentos.
SUPLEMENTOS DE CÚRCUMA
La curcumina comercial es por lo general una mezcla de curcumina, demetoxicurcumina, y bisdemetoxicurcumina.
Los extractos curcuminoides están disponibles para la dieta en suplementos sin receta en los EE.UU. Las etiquetas de algunos de estos extractos declaran que están estandarizados para contener 95% de curcuminoides, a pesar de las indicaciones no están estrictamente regulados por la Administración de Alimentos y Fármacos de Estados Unidos (FDA). Algunas preparaciones de curcumina también contienen piperina, que puede aumentar la biodisponibilidad de la curcumina por la inhibición de tu metabolismo. Sin embargo, la piperina también puede afectar el metabolismo de los medicamentos. Las dosis óptimas de la curcumina para el cáncer no se han establecido en la quimio prevención o usos terapéuticos. No está claro si las dosis de menos de 3,6 g / día son biológicamente activas en los seres humanos. Los suplementos curcuminoides tomados con el estómago vacío pueden causar gastritis y úlcera péptica.
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